Pharmaceutical formulations are widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections, but the effectiveness of pharmaceutical drugs against bacteria has not been well-established in the field of medicine. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin and its oral administration in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and in healthy volunteers. Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, was administered to healthy volunteers in addition to ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone derivative, and the intravenous administration of the drug to the volunteers, and in the presence of the drug, the volunteers were able to recover their antibiotic potency after 1 day of intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers was also investigated. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the volunteers were investigated in the presence of the drug. In the presence of ciprofloxacin, no significant changes were observed in the mean steady-state concentrations (C(RS)) and maximum concentrations (Cmax) of ciprofloxacin, except for the AUC, AUC0-t, AUC0-t1, and Cmax values for ciprofloxacin in the volunteers. The mean Cmax of ciprofloxacin was 1.0 mg/L, and the AUC0-t values of ciprofloxacin were 1.5, 2.2, and 1.9 mg/L. In the presence of ciprofloxacin, the AUC0-t values were 2.7, 3.3, and 2.8 mg/L, and Cmax was 3.4, 3.9, and 3.7 mg/L. However, the mean C(RS) values for ciprofloxacin in the volunteers were significantly different from the mean C(RS) values for ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. In the presence of ciprofloxacin, the C(RS) values of ciprofloxacin were higher in healthy volunteers than in the volunteers receiving ciprofloxacin. The mean Cmax values for ciprofloxacin were also higher in the volunteers receiving ciprofloxacin than in the volunteers receiving ciprofloxacin receiving ciprofloxacin. The mean steady-state concentrations of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers were 2.8, 4.2, and 2.8 mg/L, and the AUC0-t values were 2.9, 5.0, and 3.7 mg/L, respectively. The mean Cmax values for ciprofloxacin in the volunteers were not different from the mean Cmax values for ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. The mean steady-state concentrations of ciprofloxacin in volunteers receiving ciprofloxacin were higher than those in the volunteers receiving ciprofloxacin receiving ciprofloxacin.
Citation:Gangemi A, Gao A, Zhang H, Li Y, Li Y, Yuhang L, Li Z, et al. (2021) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin and its oral administration in patients with CAP. PLoS ONE 19(11): e0111659. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111659
Editor:Ming-Li Yu, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received:November 6, 2021;Accepted:March 27, 2022;Published:March 30, 2022
Copyright:© 2021 Gangemi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability:All relevant data are within the manuscript and its files.
Funding:This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 8152205). The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Treatment of bacterial infections of the lungs, nose, ear, bones and joints, skin and soft tissue, kidney, bladder, abdomen, and genitals caused by ciprofloxacin-susceptible organisms. Infections may include urinary tract infection, prostatitis, lower respiratory tract infection, otitis media (middle ear infection), sinusitis, skin, bone and joint infections, infectious diarrhea, typhoid fever, and gonorrhea.
May be taken with or without food. May be taken w/ meals to minimise GI discomfort. Do not take w/ antacids, Fe or dairy products.
Hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin or other quinolones. History or risk of QT prolongation; known history of myasthenia gravis. Concomitant use with tizanidine.
Vomiting, Stomach pain, Nausea, Diarrhea
Patient with known or suspected CNS disorders, risk factors predisposing to seizures, or lower seizure threshold; history or risk factors for QT interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, uncorrected hypokalaemia/hypomagnesaemia, cardiac disease (e.g. heart failure, MI, bradycardia); positive family history of aneurysm disease, pre-existing aortic aneurysm or dissection and its risk factors (e.g. Marfan syndrome, vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypertension, peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease); diabetes, previous tendon disorder (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), G6PD deficiency. Renal and hepatic impairment. Elderly, children. Pregnancy and lactation.
Store between 20-25°C.
Quinolones
Viagra Class:4-(1,4-Dihydro-2[4-methyl-1H-1D-1H-3QH-3,3-dihydro-3-methyl[N-7-a-(1,1-dimethyleyl)-4-isoxazolyl]-3-propylamino]-6-{1,4-benzimidiosis) ethylenediene)p-Isopropyl alcoholCiprofloxacin Class: 4-(1,4-Dihydro-2[4-methyl-1H-1D-1H-3QH-3,3-dihydro-3-methyl[N-7-a-(1,1-dimethyleyl)-4-isoxazolyl]-3-propylamino]-6-{1,4-benzimidiosis) ethylenediene)Tetracycline Class: 4-(1,4-Dihydro-2[4-methyl-1H-1D-1H-3QH-3,3-dihydro-3-methyl[N-7-a-(1,1-dimethyleyl)-4-isoxazolyl]-3-propylamino]-6-{1,4-benzimidiosis) ethylenediene)p-Isopropyl alcoholSevere overdose with expired tablets or unused syringe. Avoid contact with others with empty stomach; contact pharmacist if overdose occurs.
Hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin or related quinolones. History or history of QT prolongation; known history of kidney or bladder disorders.
Hypotension. After birth. Maintaining good blood circulation to the lungs. Regulating blood circulation to the lungs w/ ciprofloxacin. Do not take w/ cytarine, tretinoin, or any other excipients unless advised by doctor.
The prices of some antibiotics have been on the rise since the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Ciprofloxacin in April.
The price has been rising in part because of the cost of the drug, which is now on the market in the United States.
Ciprofloxacin, sold under the brand names Cipro and Ciprobact, is a fluoroquinolone that is used to treat infections of the respiratory tract. Ciprofloxacin is a member of the fluoroquinolone class and is sometimes referred to as a “broad-spectrum antibiotic.” It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacterial infections. It is often prescribed to treat a wide range of infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli.
Ciprofloxacin is available in two strengths: 500mg and 750mg tablets.
For most patients, Cipro has a high dose of 500mg, taken 1 to 2 hours before the start of a meal.
Cipro can take several days for the body to metabolize the drug, which can lead to serious side effects.
In addition to the side effects of Cipro, some patients may also experience liver problems. These side effects can include fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea.
Some of the more common side effects of Cipro include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. If you experience these side effects, contact your doctor right away.
The FDA has not approved Ciprofloxacin for the treatment of anemia or osteoporosis.
Ciprofloxacin is also available under the brand names Cipro and Proquin. These drugs work similarly to fluoroquinolones, such as Cipro and Proquin, and are commonly used to treat infections of the skin, respiratory tract, urinary tract, or urinary system.
If you have anemia or osteoporosis, your doctor may prescribe you Cipro to treat it to prevent anemia or osteoporosis.
Ciprofloxacin is available in four doses, 500mg, 750mg, and 750mg tablets.
For most patients, Cipro has a high dose of 750mg, taken 1 to 2 hours before the start of a meal.
Ciprofloxacin is available in one dose: 500mg. In some cases, Ciprofloxacin is available in several doses:
In some cases, Ciprofloxacin may be available in either:
Ciprofloxacin is available in a third-generation cephalosporin that is also an antibiotic. It is used in the treatment of infections caused by a broader range of bacteria, including urinary tract infections.
Ciprofloxacin is available in one dose:
For most patients, Ciprofloxacin has a high dose of 500mg, taken 1 to 2 hours before the start of a meal.
The combination of Ciprofloxacin and Tinidazole is indicated for the management of a wide variety of infections caused by susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative organisms along with anaerobes and protozoa.
Ciprofloxacin: Antibiotics (Quinolone antibiotics)
Tinidazole : Antiprotozoals
Ciprofloxacin + Tinidazole effectively manages infection, where ciprofloxacin works by killing bacteria that cause infections. It only works with specific strains of bacteria. Tinidazole works by killing the parasites and anaerobic bacteria that are responsible for causing infections by damaging their DNA.
Consult your doctor:
We are dedicated to ensuring our customers get top-quality healthcare products at the most affordable prices. By choosing to purchase our Cipro® and its generic alternatives, you can save money and ensure your family and loved ones have the best care. In conclusion, we emphasize that it is important to choose your doctor and pharmacy when purchasing medications online. The Cipro® and its generic alternatives offer a convenient and effective solution for many healthcare needs, and our customers are committed to maintaining their quality of life.
We are committed to providing our customers with the best quality medications at the most affordable prices. By choosing our online pharmacy, you can save money and ensure your family and loved ones have the best care.
By choosing our online pharmacy, you can save money and ensure your family and others have the best care.
By choosing to purchase our Cipro® and its generic alternatives, you can save money and ensure your family and others have the best care.
Stade de France Pharmacy